澳大利亞：“重新設(shè)定”對(duì)華經(jīng)貿(mào)

澳大利亞是東盟最初的對(duì)話伙伴，與東盟1974年建立關(guān)系，1976年雙方簽署東盟—澳大利亞貿(mào)易合作諒解備忘錄。東盟與澳大利亞的貿(mào)易關(guān)系開(kāi)始不斷升溫，到20世紀(jì)90年代末，澳大利亞對(duì)東盟國(guó)家直接投資達(dá)到120億美元，占澳大利亞對(duì)外投資總數(shù)的7%。2002年9月以來(lái)，以東盟為一方，以澳大利亞和新西蘭為另一方，建立了東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)(AFTA)與澳大利亞、新西蘭比較密切的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系(CER)之間的聯(lián)系，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AFTA-CER連接關(guān)系，這一關(guān)系已成為東盟與澳大利亞、新西蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)交往的平臺(tái)。2003年，澳大利亞和新西蘭最先與新加坡簽署自貿(mào)協(xié)定。2007年8月，東盟10國(guó)與澳大利亞在馬尼拉共同簽署了《東盟—澳大利亞全面伙伴關(guān)系聯(lián)合宣言》，該文件為雙方深化合作奠定了基礎(chǔ)。2009年2月28日，東盟與澳大利亞、新西蘭簽署綜合自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議(AANZ-FTA)。2012年，澳大利亞分別與馬來(lái)西亞和泰國(guó)簽署自貿(mào)協(xié)定。2021年10月，澳大利亞和東盟同意建立全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系。

　　除了與RCEP成員國(guó)保持高度的經(jīng)貿(mào)合作，澳大利亞也在不斷拓展更廣泛的自貿(mào)圈。2021年12月16日，澳大利亞和英國(guó)正式簽署自貿(mào)協(xié)定，預(yù)計(jì)在2022年7月1日正式生效。屆時(shí)兩國(guó)將通過(guò)逐步取消關(guān)稅等舉措，促進(jìn)商品和人員流動(dòng)。不過(guò)，前述協(xié)定的具體經(jīng)濟(jì)效益尚待觀察。就連英國(guó)首相約翰遜也曾于2021年6月表示，協(xié)定“在經(jīng)濟(jì)上很重要”，但“政治和象征意義更重要”。

　　“重新設(shè)定”對(duì)華經(jīng)貿(mào)

　　澳大利亞國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)RCEP一直十分重視。有澳大利亞媒體分析指出，RCEP是中澳關(guān)系的一條生命線，并認(rèn)為RCEP有助于澳大利亞“重新設(shè)定”和中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。

　　盡管在政治層面上有較大分歧，但是雙方的經(jīng)貿(mào)合作交流卻并未停止。

　　在2021年5月舉行首屆中國(guó)國(guó)際消費(fèi)品博覽會(huì)上，澳大利亞貿(mào)易投資委員會(huì)組織了12家澳大利亞企業(yè)參展，主要展出高端保健、護(hù)膚和時(shí)尚文創(chuàng)等產(chǎn)品。2021年10月，“2021年長(zhǎng)沙·澳大利亞食品飲料產(chǎn)品展示對(duì)接會(huì)”在高橋展貿(mào)中心舉行。約50家湖南企業(yè)代表到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)參觀了陳列的澳大利亞產(chǎn)品，并與40多家澳方品牌代表進(jìn)行了合作交流。近200款精選澳大利亞明星產(chǎn)品還同步亮相線上商城。2021年12月7日，為應(yīng)對(duì)新冠肺炎疫情帶給外貿(mào)行業(yè)的沖擊和影響，促進(jìn)中澳紡織服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)貿(mào)與產(chǎn)能合作，由中國(guó)商務(wù)部主辦的澳大利亞中國(guó)紡織服裝線上展開(kāi)幕。140余家中國(guó)優(yōu)質(zhì)紡織服裝企業(yè)參展，企業(yè)通過(guò)產(chǎn)品展示、直播互動(dòng)和即時(shí)通訊等方式開(kāi)拓?cái)?shù)字化營(yíng)銷(xiāo)渠道。2021年12月23日，中國(guó)寶武鋼鐵集團(tuán)首個(gè)“公司日”儀式現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，由寶武資源主導(dǎo)的澳大利亞Hardey鐵礦項(xiàng)目取得突破性進(jìn)展，完成了“云簽約”。該項(xiàng)目是“小股權(quán)、大商權(quán)”資源項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)模式的成功嘗試，對(duì)中國(guó)寶武鐵礦石國(guó)際化資源保障戰(zhàn)略有重要意義。

　　另?yè)?jù)澳媒報(bào)道，中國(guó)首次超越日本成為澳大利亞最大的液化天然氣買(mǎi)家。在截至2021年6月30日的一年中，澳大利亞對(duì)中國(guó)的液化天然氣運(yùn)輸上漲了7.3%至3070萬(wàn)噸。

　　中澳之間高度互補(bǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)為兩國(guó)的貿(mào)易和投資提供了天然動(dòng)力，但澳方在政經(jīng)多領(lǐng)域頻頻發(fā)出不協(xié)調(diào)的聲音給雙方保持過(guò)往良好的經(jīng)貿(mào)伙伴關(guān)系平添了許多障礙。中國(guó)駐澳大利亞使館王晰寧公使在澳國(guó)家新聞俱樂(lè)部發(fā)表演講時(shí)曾講到，盡管存在諸多差異，但是彼此尊重將會(huì)把雙邊關(guān)系穩(wěn)固地錨定在差異的湍流中。“我們不應(yīng)讓冷漠的心靈與黑暗的思想遮蔽兩國(guó)的伙伴關(guān)系，我們不應(yīng)讓狹隘的利益和短淺的看法誤導(dǎo)兩國(guó)的交往，我們不應(yīng)讓過(guò)時(shí)的觀念和有預(yù)謀的歪曲影響對(duì)彼此和世界的認(rèn)知，我們不應(yīng)讓空洞的口號(hào)和蓄意的標(biāo)簽化框定雙邊關(guān)系的內(nèi)涵。”誠(chéng)哉斯言，誠(chéng)在行動(dòng)，對(duì)澳方能否真正回到互利共贏的自有貿(mào)易軌道上來(lái)，我們拭目以待。

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Australia is asean's original dialogue partner. It established relations with ASEAN in 1974 and signed the ASEAN-Australia Memorandum of Understanding on Trade cooperation in 1976. The trade relationship between ASEAN and Australia began to warm up. By the end of 1990s, Australia's direct investment in ASEAN countries reached 12 billion DOLLARS, accounting for 7% of Australia's total foreign investment. Since September 2002, with ASEAN as one side and Australia and New Zealand as the other side, the association between ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the relatively close economic relationship (CER) between Australia and New Zealand has been established, referred to as AFTA-CER connection relationship, which has become a platform for economic exchanges between ASEAN and Australia and New Zealand. Australia and New Zealand were the first to sign a free trade agreement with Singapore in 2003. In August 2007, the 10 ASEAN countries and Australia jointly signed the Joint Declaration on ASEAN-Australia Comprehensive Partnership in Manila, which laid the foundation for deepening cooperation between the two sides. On February 28, 2009, ASEAN signed the Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (AANZ-FTA) with Australia and New Zealand. In 2012, Australia signed free trade agreements with Malaysia and Thailand. In October 2021, Australia and ASEAN agreed to establish a comprehensive strategic partnership.

In addition to maintaining a high degree of economic and trade cooperation with RCEP member countries, Australia is also expanding the wider free trade circle. On December 16, 2021, Australia and the UK officially signed the FTA, which is expected to come into force on July 1, 2022. The two countries will facilitate the flow of goods and people through measures such as phasing out tariffs. However, the concrete economic benefits of the agreement remain to be seen. Even British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said in June 2021 that a deal was "economically important" but "more politically and symbolically important".

"Reset" trade with China

Australia has always attached great importance to RCEP. Some Australian media have analyzed that the RCEP is a lifeline for China-Australia relations and that it will help Australia "reset" its economic relationship with China.

Although there are big differences on the political level, the economic and trade cooperation and exchanges between the two sides have not stopped.

At the first China International Consumer Goods Expo to be held in May 2021, Australian Trade and Investment organized 12 Australian enterprises to participate in the expo, mainly exhibiting high-end health care, skin care and fashion cultural and creative products. In October 2021, "2021 Changsha Australia Food and Beverage Products Exhibition Matchmaking Meeting" was held in Gaoqiao Exhibition and Trade Center. About 50 representatives from Hunan enterprises visited the display of Australian products and cooperated with more than 40 representatives of Australian brands. Nearly 200 selected Australian star products also appeared simultaneously in the online mall. On 7 December 2021, in order to cope with the impact of COVID-19 on the foreign trade industry and promote the trade, economic and production capacity cooperation between China and Australia in the textile and garment industry, the Australian China Textile and Garment Online event hosted by the Ministry of Commerce of The People's Republic of China was launched. More than 140 high-quality Chinese textile and garment enterprises participated in the exhibition, and explored digital marketing channels through product display, live interactive and instant messaging. On December 23, 2021, at the site of the first "Company Day" ceremony of China Baowu Iron & Steel Group, the Australian Hardey Iron Ore project led by Baowu Resources made a breakthrough and completed the "cloud contract". This project is a successful attempt of the resource project development mode of "small equity, big business right", which is of great significance to the international resource security strategy of China Baowu Iron Ore.

Separately, Australian media reported that China overtook Japan for the first time to become Australia's largest buyer of LIQUEFIED natural gas. Australia's LNG shipments to China rose 7.3 per cent to 30.7 million tonnes in the year to June 30, 2021.

The highly complementary economic structure between China and Australia provides natural impetus for the trade and investment between the two countries. However, the frequent discordant noises made by The Australian side in various political and economic fields have added many obstacles to the maintenance of the good economic and trade partnership between the two sides. In his speech at the National Press Club, Minister Wang Xining of the Chinese Embassy in Australia said that despite differences, mutual respect will anchor bilateral relations firmly in the turbulence of differences. "We should not let the hearts of cold and dark thoughts covered the partnership between the two countries, we should not let the narrow interest and short-term views misled the exchanges between the two countries, we should not let the outdated ideas and deliberate distortion influence each other and cognition of the world, we should not let an empty slogans and deliberate labeled, framed the connotation of bilateral relations." We are still waiting to see if Australia can truly return to the track of mutually beneficial trade.